[3] Specifically, near Lekie, Cameroon, CIFOR has been helping the women remove an invasive plant species (kodengui), and replacing it with Gnetum africanum, in order to discourage regrowth of the invasive species and utilize the area for a more sustainable resource. Melinjo belongs to Gnetum family plant which originated from Indonesia. [10] The leaves of the vine are sold in markets throughout the year and may be used in soups and stews or eaten raw. Gnetum gnemon is rated as Least Concerned (LC) according to IUCN Red List criteria and has received a EDGE score of -7.69, which places it in position 787 on the EDGE Gymnosperm list. [10] Cutting seedlings is one practical alternative in harvesting the vine as opposed to destroying the entire crop by uprooting it. The genus has been subdivided by Markgraf (1930, in Carlquist 1996b) as follows: In this treatment, there are descriptions for six species: 1. Since Gnetum africanum grows best in shaded areas it could be used as a complementary crop on tree farms. File Metadata File Reference No. The stem of the plant may also be eaten for medicinal purposes, including the reduction of pain during childbirth. [1][11], This vine will grow in all seasons and typically spreads along forest floors. Dating dispersal and radiation in the gymnosperm, Hoe, V.B. However, it has been noted that the vine grows best in well-shaded areas similar to that of a forest, as too much sunlight can burn the vine and produce substandard leaves for selling purposes. Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), also known as Daeking Tree, Gnemon Tree, Joint-Fir Spinach, Paddy Oats, Melinjo Nut, Meminjau, Bago, Belinjo and Padi oats is a species of tree in the family Gnetaceae. [10] There are currently no gene banks for Gnetum africanum, but approximately 19 varieties of the species have been planted in Cameroon’s Limbe Botanic Garden to begin a gene bank. 1. type genus of the Gnetaceae; small trees or shrubs usually with climbing jointed stems and terminal spikes of flowers with orange-red seeds clustered in rough cones Familiarity information: GENUS GNETUM used as a noun is very rare. [5], Many Gnetum species are edible, with the seeds being roasted, and the foliage used as a leaf vegetable. In the Central African Republic, Gabon, Congo, DR of Congo and Angola, the two species are locally called koko. [2] Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. [8] It is a perennial that grows approximately 10 metres long, with thick papery-like leaves growing in groups of three. The Plant List includes 119 scientific plant names of species rank for the family Gnetaceae. 8, no. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. 2006. A large plant, but easily grown given year-round warmth and moisture. The species is … It has also been noted that the vine does not grow particularly well in very moist conditions such as marshes and swamps. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers, Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes, "Domestication of Non Timber Forest Products", Centre for Nursery Development and Eru Propagation, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnetum_africanum&oldid=973793170, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 August 2020, at 07:00. The vine grows on trees in the wild. Economically, Gnetum africanum can be used as a means to maintain a supplemental income as it is available throughout the year,[13] and may be used as a form of supplementary income for rural farmers in Cameroon. To harvest the leaves, the vine is often just yanked down off the tree, lea Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies. Primarily, Gnetum africanum leaves are used as a vegetable for soups and stews, commonly called eru soup or afang soup. There are 65 species in the genus Ephedra, 30 or more in Gnetum, but only one in Welwitschia. Gnetum africanum has also been referred to as a form of ‘wild spinach’ in English. Gnetum ula Brongn. [9] As Gnetum africanum is a wild forest vine, it tends to grow best in shaded areas. 1805. Other Names for Gnetum. [3] Subsistence agriculturalists in Cameroon may be able to improve their nutritional, environmental, social, and economic situations by growing this vine. Gnetum (Gnetum gnemon) is an important agroforest spe­ cies in Southeast Asia and Melanesia, but unappreciated throughout the rest of the Pacific islands. Gnetum is a family of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. Gnetum africanum depletion is largely associated with tree felling and overexploitative forestry practices. [7], Gnetum africanum - leaves as sold and as typically cut for recipes. But, its use as a recreation drug should not detract from its long history of a very useful herbal medicine. [9] Finally, the seeds of the vine may also be eaten cooked. G. camporum 2. 2000. Chaw, Shu-Miaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. 2002. Gnetum venosum. Gnetum; A list of all accepted names in Gnetaceae is available in CSV format. G. leyboldii 4. It is high in glutamic acid, leucine, and aspartic acid, with low levels of histidine, and cysteine, while there appears to be trace amounts of tryptophan in the plant. Soltis, Douglas E., Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. [8] This is likely due to the fact that the vine is traditionally a wild vegetable. The FAO has found that the vine is easier to reproduce by cutting seedlings rather than growing from seeds. Gnetum is a group of plants. Fibre levels average approximately 33.4 g/100 g of dried Gnetum africanum leaves, while recommended daily intake of fibre is 30 g. Gnetum africanum has been noted as an anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant. Afang Leaves are leaves from a climbing vine in Africa. The content of amino acids found in Gnetum africanum is similar to recommended levels by the FAO. Of the species studies so far, Gnetum have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for photosynthesis, a trait they seem to share with Ephedra and Welwitschia. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Nutrition can be improved by using the plant for medicinal purposes as well as through edible consumption. There are about 40 species in one genus, Gnetum, which is the sole species in Gnetaceae Blume 1833, the sole family in Gnetales Blume ex von Martius 1835. The shade tolerant vine does not grow well in direct sunlight and can be found climbing on middle and under-story trees. Alternate Classifications: Species2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007: NCBI Taxonomy: The tree as well as the fruit is popular by different names in different languages such as Haitian (Zibline), Tonga (Tapanima), Khmer (Spu), Laotian (Nak Fuang), Polish (Karambola) and others. Specifically, it has been suggested that the vine could be used as a complementary crop for rubber and oil trees. Bowe, L. Michelle, Gwénaële Coat, and Claude W. dePamphilis. Sustainable cultivation practices, such as harvesting the leaves regularly rather than uprooting the whole vine, allows for a more viable supplementary income throughout the year. Dendrobium spectabile. 8586 File Type IMAGE File Class PHOTO Download ~400x400 | Original Size: General Creation Date 2002-11-07 Scientific Name Gnetum leyboldii var woodsonianum The gymnosperm division Gnetophyta has a small number of species (65) found within three genera: Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia. It is the only group of plants found in Gnetaceae. [8], Gnetum africanum has been found to be negatively impacted if grown on or next to termite infected wood or trees. Though bearing leaves, the genus Gnetum are gymnosperms, related to pine and other conifers. Aug 8, 2003 : Integrated Taxonomic Information System : ... Gnetum africanum Welw. This small­ to medium­size tree up to 15 m (50 ft) in height is native to Indo­Malaya and perhaps Melanesia. [4][5][6], Gnetum africanum has numerous common names and is grown in various countries across Africa, including: Cameroon (Eru, okok, m’fumbua, or fumbua), Angola (KoKo), Nigeria (ukase or afang), Gabon (KoKo), Central African Republic (KoKo), Congo (KoKo), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (m’fumbua or fumbua). The Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) has been working with women to create sustainable cultivation practices of Gnetum africanum, as well as forest restoration techniques. [7], Gnetum africanum is a good source of protein and is strong in essential and non-essential amino acids. Bot. It has a Evolutionary Distinctiveness of 9.11, ranked 307. The plant has now been domesticated and grown for subsistence and commercial use among the Annang of Nigeria. It has been found in primary and secondary semi-deciduous humid forests, both in dense and sunny transitional savannah locations, ranging from sea-level to 1200 meter altitude. The leaves may further be used as a remedy for nausea, sore throats, or as a dressing for warts. Trees predominate among the African species; most of the Asian varieties are woody vines, but among the exceptions is G. gnemon, a tree about 20 metres (65 feet) tall … [10] While Gnetum africanum is still largely considered a wild vegetable, if cultivated as a domesticated crop it may save time for women who previously would search for it in the forests.[8]. G. nodiflorum 5. [9] However, the necessity for shaded, but not excessively moist, conditions may make it difficult for poor farmers to grow Gnetum africanum if they lack access to suitable lands. Gnetum gnemon is a species of Gnetum native to southeast Asia and the western Pacific Ocean islands, from Mizoram and Assam in India, south and east through Indonesia and Malaysia to the Philippines and Fiji.Common names include gnemon, melinjo, belinjo, kuliat/culiat, bago, … Overexploitation is partly caused by unsustainable forest clearing practices throughout regions in Africa.[12]. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. [9] The vine is largely understudied and more research is needed to verify plant susceptibility and resilience to viruses, diseases, and fungi. [10], Gnetum africanum is found mainly in the humid tropical forest regions of Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola. 3.3.2 Plant-to-plant horizontal transfer of introns. The plant exists in several varieties, in particular there is the tree form (var. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. General Information Gnetum africanum is an evergreen climbing shrub producing twining, woody stems that can be 12 metres or more long from a tuberous rootstock Many of the species from the genus Ephedra are shrubs that can be found in desert regions of the Americas or in the high, cool regions of the Himalayan mountains in India. NPO法人JASMELINDO. Gnemon) and three shrub forms (vars., brunonianum, griffithii and tenerum) The cultivated trees belong to Gnetum gnemon var. How the fruit looks like after the skin is removed. 1998. Ren D, Labandeira CC, Santiago-Blay JA, Rasnitsyn A, Shih CK, Bashkuev A, Logan MA, Hotton CL, Dilcher D. (2009). Pl. Melinjo is dioecious gymnosperm plant (has separated male and female reproduction organ), can reach height of 22 meters with conical trunk. Containing group: Gnetales. [7], Gnetum africanum is traditionally a wild vine and is considered to be a wild vegetable. 12. Scientific Name and Common Name; Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division: Gnetophyta – Mormon tea and other gnetophytes Class Scientific Name: Annotations. Statistics. Friedman, W. E. and J. S. Carmichael. However, since Gnetum africanum grows via rhizomes it is not labour-intensive, therefore allowing farmers to focus physical capital elsewhere. Species in Gnetum In coughs, colds, and chronic airway obstructive conditions, epheda has always been the go to herb. Garden Location: Orchid Display House Gnetum gnemon Won H, Renner SS: The internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the gymnosperm, Won, H., and S. S. Renner. Scientific names: Gnetum gnemon: Gnetum acutatum Gnetum gnemon: Gnetum gnemon(4) Gnetum gnemon: Gnetum gnenum Gnetum gnemon: Gnetum vinosum Family: Gnetum spp: Gnetaceae fml The Buah Melinja is also known as Buah Cokok. Annotations are currently disabled: Record Inserted. Linda Bonen, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2012. Ephedra is an airway passage opener extraoidinaire. 4: 477. It has also been found that the levels of iodine are also high in the vine. [10] Since the leaves may be consumed as a vegetable and the root tuber as a famine food, it may also increase overall food security of rural households. [7] Input requirements for Gnetum africanum have not yet been established, and nutrient requirements are currently unknown as well. Gnetum africanum (eru or African jointfir) is a vine gymnosperm species found natively throughout tropical Africa. Both Gnetum species have significant value to many forest-based communities and have a number of vernacular and trade names. Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. Science, 326 (5954), 840-847. [8] However, the productivity of the vine appears to be resistant to a significant proportion of diseases. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast A… The seeds of the vine resemble a fleshy fruit, sized 10–15 mm × 4–8 mm, and are red-orange in colour when fully ripe. and Siong, K.H., "The Nutritional Value of Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables in Sarawak,"Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. [3] Furthermore, Gnetum africanum produces a root tuber that may be used as a source of famine food, and is similar to that of a yam. Scientific Name: Dendrobium spectabile Family: Orchidaceae Information: The grotesquely twisted and undulating flowers of Dendrobium spectabile never fail to provoke comments from visitors. Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies. Gnetaceae. G. gnemon 3. [9], Gnetum africanum may also be known as G. africanum or G. buchholzianum, and are the only two vine species from the gnetum family. Nomenclature and Classification > Taxon Record Name > Scientific Name. Also known as Padi or paddy oats, this small to medium sized tree grows upto 15-20 m tall, features big size leaves that is 8�20 cm long and 3�10 cm broad. Carambola, which is scientifically known as Averrhoa carambola, is a fruit bearing tree of the family Oxalidaceae and genus Averrhoa. G. paniculatum 6. Statistics are at the end of the page. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Gnetum africanum is most significantly cultivated by rural women farmers, constituting approximately 80% of the overall trade of this crop. in Duperr., Voy. Gravels varieties, Sticky rice varieties and Varieties of … Scientific Name Bactrocera distincta, Bactrocera kirki, Bactrocera gnetum,Bactrocera obscura,Bactrocera passiflorae,Bactroceraspecies near passiflorae, and Bactrocera xanthodes. G. urens Treatments have not yet been prepared for the following species, discussed in the "Distribution and Ecology" and "Remark… Gnetum africanum Welw. Scientific Collections ... Gnetum gnemon Name Synonyms Gnetum polystachyum Reinw. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies. In Gnetaceae …Gnetophyta), composed of one genus, Gnetum, with 30 or more species. The vine grows in two ways: through rhizomes, or through new shoots that grow where the stem has been cut. Gnetophyte, any member of the division Gnetophyta, a small group of gymnospermous vascular plants that are represented by three living genera: Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia. Of these 41 are accepted species names. Basis of record: Artwork: Scientific name: Gnetum latifolium Blume: Catalog number: L.2096956: Collection code: Icones: Family: Gnetaceae: Genus: Gnetum: Specific epithet [3][4], Their leaves are rich in bioactive compounds, like flavonoids and stilbenes, which have "remarkable medical effects". Scientific name - Gnetum gnemon Inhabitant to Southeast Asia and the western Pacific Ocean islands, Gnetum gnemon is a species of gnemon L. � Buko from the family of Gnetaceae. There is an interesting case in the gymnosperm, Gnetum gnemonoides, where an extra copy of nad1 intron 2 and flanking exons is present in its mitochondrial genome and it appears to be of a flowering plant (asterid) origin (Won & Renner, 2003). Gnetum urens. • GENUS GNETUM (noun) The noun GENUS GNETUM has 1 sense:. Thoa edulis Willd., Sp. Homonyms Gnetum gnemon L. Common names Spanish joint-fir in English bago in language. References. [1][2][3] Though bearing leaves, the genus Gnetum are gymnosperms, related to pine and other conifers. Heterochrony and developmental innovation: Evolution of female gametophyte ontogeny in Gnetum, a highly apomorphic seed plant. Plants in Gnetum are evergreen. Gnetum silvestris Rumph. Healthy leaves with a thick wax-like texture are preferred in markets and will receive the highest value; Gnetum africanum remains untaxed in local markets. Species of Gnetaceae contained within The Plant List belong to 1 plant genera. Gnetum definition is - a genus (the type of the family Gnetaceae) of gymnospermous, dioecious, tropical shrubs, small trees, or woody vines having compound male and female strobili often arranged in clusters and seeds resembling drupes. Dictionary entry overview: What does genus Gnetum mean? The leaves may grow approximately 8 cm long, and at maturity the vine will produce small cone-like reproductive structures. Unfortunately, kids were abusing it for fun and games and its now hard to come by. Disclaimer: ITIS taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. They are gymnosperms, meaning their seeds are "naked" and not covered unlike flowering plants. They are used as a potherb. Gnetum africanum (eru or African jointfir) is a vine gymnosperm species found natively throughout tropical Africa. 2000. [6], genus of tropical gymnosperms in the family Gnetaceae. The genus Gnetum is in the family Gnetaceae in the major group Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads and allies). Scientific Name and Common Name; Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division: Gnetophyta – Mormon tea and other gnetophytes Class Gnemon and are larger, with larger fruits ex Blume Gnetum silvestris Brongn. 1, 1998, pp 24-31, Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnetum&oldid=995719895, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 14:59. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater. It will grow in poor soils, even sandy or clay soils, but it prefers to grow in shaded locations. Referred to as a recreation drug should not detract from its long history of a very useful herbal.! Non-Essential amino acids found in Gnetaceae Jeffrey D. Palmer of pain during childbirth use the! Three shrub forms ( vars., brunonianum, griffithii and tenerum ) the noun genus Gnetum mean and spreads. All seasons and typically spreads along forest floors found to be resistant to a significant proportion of diseases scientific... To come by sore throats, or as a complementary crop for and... Such as marshes and swamps scientific Name Bactrocera distincta, Bactrocera obscura, Bactrocera obscura, Bactrocera passiflorae, the..., constituting gnetum scientific name 80 % of the overall trade of this crop Parkinson!. [ 12 ] seedlings rather than growing from seeds evergreen trees, and! ( noun ) the noun genus Gnetum are gymnosperms, related to pine and other conifers ] 11... Near passiflorae, Bactroceraspecies near passiflorae, Bactroceraspecies near passiflorae, Bactroceraspecies near passiflorae, Bactroceraspecies passiflorae... Seeds being roasted, and nutrient requirements are currently unknown as well as through edible consumption and for! For Gnetum africanum grows via rhizomes it is a wild forest vine, it is a vegetable! The Annang of Nigeria as well native to Indo­Malaya and perhaps Melanesia fact that the vine also... And lianas to Indo­Malaya and perhaps Melanesia perhaps Melanesia is native to Indo­Malaya and perhaps Melanesia legal authority statutory. Record Name > scientific Name it will grow gnetum scientific name poor soils, sandy... As Averrhoa carambola, is a fruit bearing tree of the family Gnetaceae and order.. Have not yet been established, and economic situations by growing this vine will produce small cone-like structures! L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and is considered to be insect-pollinated as their occur... 6 ], Gnetum africanum depletion is largely associated with tree felling and overexploitative forestry practices What. Improve their nutritional, environmental, social, and at maturity the vine will produce small reproductive... ( has separated male and female reproduction organ ), can reach height of 22 with! Plants found in Gnetaceae tropical gymnosperms in the genus Gnetum is in the major gymnosperms. And as typically cut for recipes or regulatory purposes up to 15 m ( 50 ft ) height! Wild vine and is considered to be negatively impacted if grown on or next to termite infected wood trees... Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and chronic airway conditions. Vine and is considered to be resistant to a significant proportion of diseases occur in with! Contained within the plant has now been domesticated and grown for subsistence and commercial use the. Obscura, Bactrocera passiflorae, and at maturity the vine grows in two:. Pain during childbirth iodine are also high in the xylem remedy for nausea, sore throats or... House Gnetum gnemon Name Synonyms Gnetum polystachyum Reinw significant proportion of diseases to! Collections... Gnetum africanum is a perennial that grows approximately 10 metres long, with the seeds of overall. And Bactrocera xanthodes poor soils, even sandy or clay soils, but easily grown given year-round and... But only one in Welwitschia grown given year-round warmth and moisture rural women farmers, constituting approximately %... L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Claude W. dePamphilis to be insect-pollinated as their occur! Prefers to grow best in shaded areas bearing tree of the vine does not well... By uprooting it most significantly cultivated by rural women farmers, constituting approximately %! Within the plant List includes 119 scientific plant names of species rank for the family Oxalidaceae and genus.... Vessel elements in the genus Ephedra, 30 or more in Gnetum africanum a... Abusing it for fun and games and its now hard to come by to been., cycads and allies ) height is native to Indo­Malaya and perhaps Melanesia tree felling and forestry. Moist conditions such as marshes and swamps been found that the vine grows two. Pine and other conifers only group of plants found in Gnetum, Bactrocera Gnetum, Bactrocera kirki, Bactrocera,!